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The majority of adult char congregate in outlets and narrow parts of the lakes after spawning in autumn when water level drops, followed by c. 10 - 50% passive displacement downstream in the spring [ 134].
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However, receptor assays are based on measurement of either ligand displacement or downstream functional responses, rather than direct observation of ligand binding.
Lateral displacements and downstream transport of eroded soil particles were measured using a linear displacement transducer (LDT) with a maximum response speed of 0.2 m/s and a measuring range of 1.0 m.
Except for Reθ close to the critical value, the downstream displacement of vortices is slower than the mean axial velocity.
With the exception of rotational Reynolds numbers (Reθ) close to the critical value, downstream displacement of vortices was slower than the fluid's superficial velocity.
The tests revealed that the power coefficient of WIV power is a function of the Reynolds number and the phase shift between the fluidic force and displacement of the downstream cylinder.
The downstream displacement of the nuclei resulted in polarization of HUVECs against the direction of passage of the bubble (β>0; Fig. 4c; supplementary material Movie 5).
With regard to stent size, the diameter should be large enough to avoid upstream migration into the bile duct or downstream displacement into the duodenum.
This hypothesis was confirmed by the observation that acute application of a large hydrodynamic force to ECs resulted in an immediate downstream displacement of nuclei and was sufficient to induce persistent polarization.
The downstream displacement of the nucleus directly contributes to the establishment of planar cell polarity in endothelium (Fig. 4d) and may also trigger cell signaling events eventually leading to relocation of MTOC by cytoskeletal motors (McCue et al., 2006; Morgan et al., 2011; Tzima et al., 2003).
Bigger floods have predictable effects on salmonids (more extensive scouring of redds, entombment of eggs by sediment, reduced oxygen in redds because of higher levels of organic matter, and downstream displacement of recently emerged fry), leading to generally reduced survival in early life stages (Quinn 2005) (Fig. 4B).
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