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The mean angle between needle trajectory and target displacement direction for the robotic and manual techniques was 36.7° (range 4.0 82.2°) and 37.6° (range 7.7 73.3°), respectively.
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The yellow points represent the control points, and the blue arrows stand for the displacement direction.
This phenomenon appears consistently also for other displacement directions (not shown here), not only for vertical ones which are equivalent to the horizontal ones due to symmetry, but also diagonal ones.
Layer-wise and equivalent single-layer models (including zig-zag theories) are used with linear and higher order expansion in the thickness layer/shell direction for the displacement variables.
In addition, the frequency characteristics of thin and thick cylindrical shells are also studied and the displacement fields in the thickness direction for various thickness-to-radius ratios are also presented.
The fronto-maxillary suture showed the displacement in medio-antero-inferior direction for both the models (Fig. 8IIA, IIB and Table 2).
Figure 3b shows the simulated in-plane displacement component along the x direction for L = 940 nm and d = 9 nm.
The theory accounts for continuous piecewise layer-by-layer linear variation approximation in the thickness direction for the displacements.
The displacement was in medio-antero-inferior direction for both the models.
To do so, a unit load is applied on the centerline of the rail head in the vertical direction and another in the lateral direction, for calculating the displacements caused in the corresponding directions with the FEM model.
Table 2 shows the averaged peak displacement of COP in the medial-lateral direction for pilots and controls during GVS-induced body sway according to different GVS conditions.
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