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For the purpose of assessing the precision, strains were derived directly from the displacement data with similar initial base lengths (L_{0}) as the CMM and without smoothing of the displacement field to allow for a reasonable comparison between both adopted systems.
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It should be noted that vertical displacement data obtained with GPS and PG have relatively larger observation errors than horizontal ones.
Force was measured with a MARK-10 Series 5 Force Gauge (Mark-10 Corp; Copiague, NY), and the load and displacement data were recorded with MESURTM gauge load and travel analysis software (Mark-10 Corp; Copiague, NY).
The displacement data are comparable with those reported in several smaller studies of prostate conformal radiotherapy reproducibility [19 27], where immobilisation methods have been compared.
First, a 3D-FEM model of a real track is constructed, paying special attention to fasteners, and calibrated with displacement data obtained experimentally during a train passage.
The localised experimental numerical technique (LENT), which measures local test displacement data and combines this with local finite element analysis to evaluate the mixed mode strain energy release rates, is examined via extensive experimental testing and analysis to provide validation for the technique.
Compared with the field displacement data, the trend of the predicted displacements agrees well with the measurements.
More importantly, the angles of the principal strains calculated from Eq. (3) differ from the directions of local displacements around the cracks that form discretely. Figure 12a shows the angles of the principal compressive strains of the HP1F1 specimen calculated using Eq. (3) with the displacement data from four targets around the locations of the four layers shown in Fig. 7.
The TM shape data in conjunction with its displacement data renders a complete and accurate description of the TM deformation, a feature that no doubt will serve to better comprehend the hearing process.
Consequently, without comparison with directly measured displacement data, reliability of the procedure cannot be established and errors quantified.
Based on the parameters identified by probabilistic back analysis, the computed displacements agreed closely with the measured displacement data monitored in the field.
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