The rates at which T. thermophila cells dispersed from one tube (the start patch) through a connecting tubing to another tube (the target patch) were strongly positively correlated with the degree of cell elongation and with the initial shape of cells(r = 0.34, n = 55, P = 0.011).
For instance, if a species has currently a very fragmented range, in the past it must have dispersed from one of its current range fragments to the other and thus occupied a much larger and more continuous range in which it may have co-occurred broadly with other species.
Third, fungal mycelia can fuse so that organelles may disperse from one mycelium to another.
Based on the observation that all females disperse from one-male groups before reproducing while some of them stay when an additional male is present in the group [ 51], Harcourt & Stewart [ 49] suggested that inbreeding avoidance is the main factor triggering female natal dispersal in mountain gorillas, as proposed previously for other great ape species [ 12, 63].
The structure and nature of the resulting Ag/MWNT composite were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), the results show that the electrochemically synthesized Ag nanoparticles were homogeneously dispersed and well-separated from one another on the modified MWNT surfaces.
The independent variable is the ratio between σ G and σ P. The larger σ P the more dispersed are the PMs and hence farther from one another.
However, it remains unknown how long D. cylindrus gametes remain viable, how far larvae can disperse, and therefore how isolated existing populations are from one another.
Conversely, populations experiencing high gene flow or those that have only recently become isolated from one another are expected to exhibit little phenotypic divergence due to the homogenizing effect of dispersing individuals mating among populations or because mutations have yet to arise in populations to cause phenotypic divergence [ 21- 23].
Using the adaptive dynamics approach I show that four qualitatively different dispersal strategies may evolve in different parameter regions, including a counterintuitive strategy, where patches of one type are fully dispersed from (emigration probability is one) but individuals nevertheless always immigrate into them during the dispersal season (immigration probability is one).
They learned from one another.
