Under a low cost of dispersal with FAD, unfit individuals disperse and outcross more often than their fit counterparts, leading to a more even distribution of deleterious mutations in the population, and less effective natural selection.
(2003) found a bimodal distribution of dispersal, with a range for long-distance dispersers on the order of 20 200 km/year.
But the president ordered their dispersal "with a good dose of gas", and the authorities even denied them permission to march in Caracas during the closing days of the campaign.Parliament, in which Mr Chávez has an overwhelming majority, had been instructed to propose the constitutional amendment.
The most abundant dispersal syndrome was animal dispersal, with 1776 individuals and 83 species, followed by wind dispersal, with 253 individuals and 31 species, and self dispersal, with 206 individuals and 9 species (Table 1).
A "filter corridor" involves land dispersal with a more selective connection restricted to organisms exhibiting the right ecological tolerance.
In principle, the data allow a full 3D reconstruction of the impurity dispersal with ∼1 mm spatial resolution.
It also integrates dispersal with landscape complexity through landscape resistance modelling to depict functional connectivity across the pond network.
We model pathogen dispersal with a diffusive logistic equation in which the growth/death rate is spatially heterogeneous.
To control for any confounding effects, we also analysed the association of dispersal with morphological traits and parasite infestation.
The resulting individual-based, spatially explicit forest simulator (YAFSIM) combines mechanistic seed dispersal with growth and mortality of trees to track forest dynamics over time.
Model components include temperature-dependent phenology, host tree colonization determined by an Allee effect, and random-walk dispersal with motility conditioned by host tree density.
