Nearby sites are more similar in epiphytes than distant sites (Mantel's r = 0.44, P = 0.002) and I postulate that this relates to differences in seed supply, viewing the development of the epiphyte community from a dispersal assembly perspective.
Dispersal is often viewed as a process on which the landscape has little effect.
Thus, while the old 'dispersal' view might regard mangrove taxa originated in the IWP and subsequently dispersed to other parts of the world, a modern 'vicariance' view is that mangroves evolved around the Tethys Sea during the Late Cretaceous [ 6, 15].
This view of dispersal as a unique event instead of a pattern-generating process is challenged by the case of oceanic islands of volcanic origin, such as the Hawaiian Archipelago, which could only have been colonized by over-water dispersal.
The hypothesis that the distance decay in community similarity would be strongest in environmentally complex or geographically fragmented regions was confirmed by our results (Table 2) supporting the view that dispersal can be limited by geographic barriers, and hence that community similarity is not alone 'selected by the environment' [ 10, 11].
Because ecological data and previously collected genetic data have led to inconsistent views on dispersal, we re-examined population genetic structuring in Ae. aegypti from Rio.
Our data indicate that, in contrast to the previously accepted view, long-distance dispersal of the spiders in our study is not limited by selection to avoid encounters with water because individuals display behavioural adaptations that allow them to survive encounters with aquatic environments.
From the point of view of a gene regulating dispersal tendency, dispersal can be viewed as a move in both the physical and the genotypic space, because a dispersing individual has a higher probability of mixing its genome with that of an unrelated individual.
We then multiplied the connectivity matrix by itself 30 times to estimate connectivities among spawning locations for 30 dispersal events, which may be viewed as a multiple-generation connectivity and correspond better to gene flow than single dispersal events (e.g. White et al. 2010).
According to that view, the more successful dispersal of humans out of Africa happened much later, around 60,000 years ago.
The observed geographic and genealogical patterns of flowering time variation have implications for our view of postglacial species dispersal.
