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The relative importance of all these factors is likely to differ in other endozoochorous dispersal systems in which the disperser shows quick directional movements and marked habitat preferences (e.g. passerine birds, cassowaries, emus; [17] [19], [22], [38].
The initial hypothesis of Janzen and Martin [7] was applied to Costa Rican vertebrate-dispersed species, but subsequent work has suggested that anachronic dispersal systems might occur worldwide [see e.g. 8], [22] [24] and, specifically, megafaunal fruits can be found in different continents [12], [20], [25] [29].
Airports and subway, train or bus stations -- with crowds of travelers bound for many destinations -- provide ready-made dispersal systems for biological agents, terrorism experts say.
In contrast, the rapid fault propagation stage is characterised by much longer dispersal systems of fan-delta deposits.
Various combinations of syndepositional faults and intensity of activity not only directly control the sequence stratigraphic patterns, but also affect the development of provenance systems, paleo-current systems, sand dispersal systems and depositional systems (Ravnas and Steel 1998; Lin et al. 2000; Hans et al. 2002; Feng 2006).
We analyzed three species richness variables, total, and those corresponding to species with short-distance (ballistic, barochorous, myrmecochorous and short-distance anemochorous) and long-distance (anemochorous, endozochorous, exozoochorous, hydrochorous and dyszoochorous) dispersal systems, which significantly characterize earlier and late successional stages, respectively.
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The strong asymmetry of pollen and seed dispersal distances, combined with the intrinsically biased dispersal system of plants (only male gametophytes disperse) and the sessile habit, suggest that environmental adaptive maternal effects should be large and paternal effects virtually absent in plants.
Criticism of the dispersal system is misplaced.
One of the problems, I believe, is the mechanism of the "dispersal system".
Today it's Glasgow in the dock, though no other Scottish local authority has agreed to take a single asylum seeker through the Home Office's dispersal system.
Their policies stigmatise those who come the UK with the repressive voucher and dispersal system and merely echo and try to match the racist cries from Ms Widdecombe.
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