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Despite support for both alternative hypotheses for the Fucaceae geographic origin, a Pacific origin involves a more direct route from the southern (Australasia) to the northern Pacific (and is supported by diversification rates and the DEC model), whereas the alternative hypothesis of an Atlantic origin requires a more complex dispersal path.
In addition, for the DEC analysis we considered all dispersal paths to have the same rate (as the allowed distances are comparable in magnitude; ~1500 6500 km), so we set all values in the dispersal rate scaling matrix to 1.0 (i.e., all dispersal path rates are multiplied by "1").
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Least-cost path analysis was used to estimate its dispersal paths across the fragmented landscape.
Least-cost analysis has the capacities to fulfill these needs, but has never been validated against actual observations of dispersal paths.
The degree of correspondence between empirical dispersal paths and the output of a least-cost analysis can be visualized and quantified, and least-cost scenarios can be statistically compared.
This is reflective of time periods when the volcanism in SW Japan was reduced or eliminated (Mahony et al. 2011), when the sites were influenced by siliciclastic turbidites (Units II, IV, and V), or when dispersal paths from the main detrital sources were further away from eruptive fronts (Unit III).
Hence, the dispersal route of individual alleles will be close to the shortest (least-cost) path from the origin location to the location of the sampled population.
Therefore we believe that the variation in the extent of flagellum-dependent dispersal from the path of flagellum-independent movement was attributed to random differences in experimental conditions such as moisture content in the plate-medium interstice.
Paths for dispersal between North America, Europe, and Gondwana during the Early Cretaceous did exist; unfortunately the allosauroid fossil record during this time is poor, and thus makes testing hypotheses of biogeography and timing of dispersal events difficult.
Landscape complexity plays a significant role in determining the path of host dispersal and patterns of pathogen transmission.
This hypothesis is supported by the known paths of spore dispersal by wind (Chen 2005) and by periodic spore surveys across this region.
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