To animate viral dispersal over the time, we converted annotated MCC trees into a keyhole markup language (KML) file using SPREAD v1.0.6 [ 52], which can be visualised via Google Earth [ 26].
Finally, such estimates, which have the merit of integrating the effects of evolutionary forces over longer time scales than direct approaches, rely on the questionable hypotheses that dispersal is stable over time and that the migration drift equilibrium has been reached.
If we allow evolution of the dispersal distance, we expect that for each viable rate of climate change, an optimal, evolved, dispersal distance should arise over time.
Because maximum dispersal distance quickly saturated over time (see results), we calculated the hypothetical plant recruitment kernels generated by each individual lizard (for a given, ingested seed) by combining kernel density estimates, habitat structure and the relative probabilities of surviving predation, germinating and establishing at the various microhabitats.
The second model (M2) was unconstrained, assuming equal dispersal probabilities between areas over time.
As previous authors postulated [ 14, 15], chamaeleonids are likely to have experienced transmarine dispersal over Mozambique Channel multiple times.
Airborne transmission involves infectious microbes in small particles that remain infectious over time, allowing dispersal of infectious microbes through the air over long distances.
The first model (M1) was stratified, i.e. incorporating paleogeographic information on area connectivity, e.g., the existence of land bridges, by varying the dispersal probabilities between areas and over time (Additional file 1: historical biogeography; Additional file 1: Figure S3).
A team of scientists studying Monterey Bay since 2000 has found that underlying its complex, seemingly jumbled currents is a structure that guides the dispersal patterns, a structure that changes over time.
Consequently, the density and dispersal behavior of the larva population over time need to be assessed.
