Rafting dispersers, presumably of medium dispersal abilities, are present in almost all the islands, and exhibit some exceptionally diverse radiations (chameleons on Madagascar and Phelsuma geckos throughout the archipelago, see above).
Interestingly, it has been shown that different techniques of MWCNT application, such as dispersal in agar medium or spraying onto the seed surface did not change the beneficial effects on the germination of barley (H. vulgare), soybean (G. max) and maize (Z. mays) [128].
In other respects, it could be predicted that optimal dispersal strategy at a medium-scale should tend towards a uniform distribution of winged colonizers: Aphis gossypii reproduces by thelytokous parthenogenesis and individuals of this species therefore do not need to find mates for sexual reproduction [ 34].
Even in aquatic plants, water is seldom the true medium of pollen dispersal.
Moreover, planktonic population of L. monocytogenes (present in broth media covering the abiotic surface) remained stable throughout the incubation time, which indicates an efficient dispersal mechanism, since the culture medium was replaced daily.
Secondary seed dispersal by small- and medium-sized scatter-hoarding rodents might have been fundamental for the persistence of megafaunal fruit species after extinction of their primary seed dispersers [32, and references therein].
In studies of sperm function, the perfusate was added to an aliquot of T6 (15) or M16 (Millipore) medium to allow sperm dispersal and/or capacitation.
After dispersal of epididymal contents in complete medium T6, spermatozoa of WT and heterozygous males showed a tendency for head-to-head agglutination, and a large proportion of them existed in rosettes (Fig. 5 C).
Specifically, when we added 1.5% agar to the medium to limit bacterial dispersal, E. coli HK97 was significantly outcompeted by both suicidal E. coli λ (one-sample t-test for fitness > 0: t29 = 11.17, p < 0.0001) and E. coli T4r (t11 = 9.52, p < 0.0001).
