Thus, on most oceanic islands the frugivorous members of the afterlife [sensu 9] currently outnumber the living, and many seed dispersal interactions are likely to have been lost.
Nevertheless, the role of extant or extinct seed dispersal interactions in forest dynamics in present-day Mauritius has not been directly addressed so far [but see 28].
Our suggestions for using ecological analogue species in the conservation management of endangered oceanic island species may be expanded to mainland habitat fragments, which often suffer from locally extinct seed dispersal interactions [e.g. 62], [63].
However, when considered separately, fruit diameter and bill width were more important in determining seed dispersal interactions.
However, although it has been shown that the chemical compounds of fruit can be important in determining frugivory and seed dispersal interactions (Jordano 2000 and references therein), such traits have not been used previously in network analyses.
Seed dispersal interactions are complex because they involve multiple species of animals and plants, the temporal and spatial variability of such interactions (Yang et al. 2014) and the influence of frugivore behaviour and physiology, as well as the chemistry of fruits (Jordano 2000; Carlo and Yang 2011).
By combining dispersal, community interactions, and evolution, novel eco-evolutionary interactions will alter predictions from those made assuming any single mechanism.
At the macroscale level, communities are not closed and isolated entities; instead, dispersal and interactions between communities and interdependencies of local interactions occur.
Climatic mapping, which predicts the potential distribution of organisms in new areas and under future climates based on their responses to climate in their home range, has recently been criticised for ignoring dispersal and interactions between species, such as competition, predation and parasitism.
While species' range limits are expected to reflect their niche limits across continuous environments, evidence suggests that range and niche limits may or may not coincide, depending on the relative importance of factors such as dispersal, biotic interactions and temporal fluctuations (Hargreaves et al. 2014).
