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Current models of transgene dispersal focus on gene flow via pollen while neglecting seed, a vital vehicle for gene flow in centers of crop origin and diversity.
Current models of transgene dispersal focus almost exclusively on pollen exchange and the selective advantage of transgenes in wild populations [18] [20].
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Our results suggest that remnant trees, by functioning as dispersal foci, facilitate the dispersal of the two most abundant plant species for forest succession through the matrix.
Fleshy-fruited remnant trees are dispersal foci for many forest plants, as seeds accumulate under their canopies after visitation by forest frugivores.
For those areas already invaded, we suggest management strategies to highlight the role of landscape in controlling P. clarkii dispersal and focus on the construction of barriers by reducing their spread to more potentially suitable areas [96].
Gibraltar biologist Clive Finlayson uses paleobiogeography similarly to McCarthy, emphasizing organisms' differing ability for dispersal but focusing on Pliocene Pleistocene expansions and constrictions in ecological zones to account for extinctions of some hominid populations and the expansion of our own sapiens species (Finlayson 2009).
Most studies on aphid dispersal have focused on large-scale movements [ 14] and little is known about whether local dispersal strategies are well adapted to agriculture expansion.
In the apparent absence of sylvatic foci of T. infestans in northern Argentina (11 ), the appearance of adult T. infestans can be explained by active dispersal from foci located in its flight distance (12 – 14 ).
The authors note that the period of the formation and dispersal of foci is very irregular in the Y10A embryos and the movies and kymographs are consistent with that observation.
In addition, when irradiated in coculture, the initial level of radiation-induced γH2AX foci in GSCs was reduced and foci dispersal was enhanced suggesting that the presence of astrocytes influenced the induction and repair of DNA double-strand breaks.
For other animal taxa, future frugivory and seed dispersal studies need to focus more on the fitness consequences for both the plants and the animals.
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