For decades, we've seen the disparities reflected in demographics of income and the educational and professional backgrounds of parents.
Those who defend the police argue that racial and ethnic disparities reflect not discrimination but higher rates of offenses among minorities.
"The disparities reflect policing decisions to use drug laws to try and reduce violence and to respond to the demand by law-abiding residents in poor neighborhoods to clean up the drug trade," Ms. Mac Donald said.
Our experience from working with numerous providers of all kinds, and talking to others, suggests that the disparities reflect providers' differing responses to the new market for higher education places.
Two new reports, issued Monday by the Sentencing Project in Washington and by Human Rights Watch in New York, both say the racial disparities reflect, in large part, an overwhelming focus of law enforcement on drug use in low-income urban areas, with arrests and incarceration the main weapon.
Such age disparities reflect the increasing trend in coverage with recent cohorts of children being fully immunized.
These disparities reflect both the ability of the public transport system to meet the needs of residents and the locational pros and cons of public service facilities.
Consequently, empirical studies that support this theory (e.g. Battisti, 2013) explain differences in returns to similar human capital as being exclusively the consequence of job characteristic disparities reflecting job segments.
"The health disparities reflect the historical and social context of their lives, and the serious adversity they have encountered can jeopardize their health and willingness to seek services in old age".
