(Anxiety disorders were found to be more common among the middle class, however).
Among this large mixed sample of pathological gamblers, high proportions of individuals with suicidal events, multi-morbidity on Axis I, and a strong linkage to Cluster B personality disorders were found.
Autonomic disorders were found in only one patient (3.3 %).
Participants with co-morbid communication disorders were found to be more anxious and depressed.
No additional pathologies with impact on the dislocation rate, like neurologic disorders, were found.
In a study that contained 17 MS cases, psychiatric disorders were found in 12.56% [27] and in another study psychiatric disorders were found in 38% of patients with eosinophilic fasciitis [28].
Higher prevalence rates of most mental disorders were found among younger people (less than age 45 years), with the exception of severe cognitive impairments.
Moreover, in previous studies, especially in the chronic form of tension-type headache, affective disorders were found to be frequent [50, 51].
This is in line with other studies where patients with affective disorders were found to have lower quality of life scores (Nørholm 2008; Yatham et al. 2004).
High rates of lifetime (68.7%) and current (39.8%) axis I disorders were found, with no substantial differences between the groups, apart from lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder and current social phobia, which were higher in the US sample.
The power values for the parameters including the presence of unilateral pain location, trigger factors, and co-morbid medical disorders were found to be as 76.3, 87.06, and 99.89%, respectively.
