Sentence examples for disorder or defect from inspiring English sources
So, the intensity of D peak is directly related to the disorder or defect present in graphene.
All spectra show two characteristic peaks of graphitic carbon materials as G band near 1580 cm−1 and D band near 1350 cm−1, representing the degree of crystallization and the degree of disorder or defect in the samples, respectively.
The G band is associated with the double degenerate E2g phonon mode at the Brillouin zone center, while the 2D mode originates from a second-order process, involving two intervalley phonons near the K point, without the presence of any kind of disorder or defect [50].
Results indicate that the (002) peak for the exfoliation nanosheets decreased in intensities when compared to the pristine WS2, and the notable shift to the low intensity was also observed, which may be caused by the decrease of structural crystalline and the increasing of the disorder or defect density [23].
The band near 1, 280 cm-1 is due to the disorder or structural defects (D band) in the graphene sheet.
First, the D-band, which usually indicates the presence of disorder or edges defects, is very weak and the Raman signature is extremely close to the one found for exfoliated graphene on SiO2/Si [11].
Hence, narrowing of the Raman modes indicates a better crystallization of the nanotubes or a larger crystal planer domain size in graphite sheets and consequently a lower degree of disorder or a lower defect concentration at higher growth temperature.
It has been observed in commercial nanostructured TiO2 powders, which may be related to disordering or surface defects of nanostructured TiO2[51].
Indeed, Mendelian disorders or birth defects resulting from naturally occurring ADAMTS2, ADAMTS3, ADAMTS10, ADAMTS13, ADAMTS17, ADAMTS20, ADAMTSL2 and ADAMTSL4 mutations as well as numerous phenotypes identified in genetically engineered mice have revealed ADAMTS participation in major biological pathways.
Use of diclofenac has been advocated in the absence of bleeding disorders or renal defects [ 13 ].
There were no signs of malignant transformation, migration of chondrocytes, poisoning, toxicity, organ failure, hepatic or renal disorders, or reproductive defects or teratogenic effects.
