Such linkage disequilibrium, as well as gene-environment interactions, might vary between populations, and as a result association studies may yield conflicting results [32].
Summary statistics for genetic polymorphisms, population differentiation and linkage disequilibrium as well as statistical tests of neutrality were calculated with DnaSP [28].
These observations argue strongly for the comprehensive evaluation of linkage disequilibrium as well as inclusion of populations with ancestries from different parts of the world as part of genome-wide association studies [26], [29], [30].
It has been noted that differences in haplotype frequencies and linkage disequilibrium, as well as other factors such as unmodeled interactions, can induce changes in the sign of effect size estimates [31], [32].
It is critical to note that this use of the correlation coefficient encompasses gametic phase disequilibrium as well as other sources of correlation such as epistasis and natural selection.
A yet uncharacterized 5'UTR mutation, being in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with well characterized missense mutations in exon 2, proved to be a statistical strong marker for increased risk and heterozygous protection from all three cancer forms.
Another drawback to the joint modeling of multiple SNPs within a gene is possible model fitting issues due to multicollinearity between SNPs (ie, linkage disequilibrium (LD)), as well as the lack of inclusion of LD information in the analysis.
Level and pattern of nucleotide polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium (LD) as well as degree of population differentiation contain information about evolutionary forces that acted in the past and can be used to infer past demographic history.
These methods take advantage of the fact that alleles at neighboring loci in the genomes are correlated or are 'in linkage disequilibrium' (LD), as well as the fact that in any given region only a few common haplotypes account for the majority of the genetic variations in the population.
Both linkage and linkage disequilibrium mapping provide well-defined approaches to mapping quantitative trait alleles.
