In the presence of bone erosion or disease extension, endoscopic techniques can be used to surgically manage this disease.
The orbit and anterior cranial fossa were the most common adjacent anatomic spaces to exhibit disease extension.
Recommendations for CTV include treatment of the entire preoperative extent of bony and epidural disease, plus immediately adjacent bony anatomic compartments at risk of microscopic disease extension.
The purpose of the present investigation was to assess the feasibility of such a procedure and its impact on the final definition of disease extension and patient treatment.
Patients with computed tomography evidence of disease extension outside the nasopharynx had a lower local control rate compared with patients whose disease was confined to the nasopharynx (5-year local control rate of 52% vs. 72.3%; P = 0.031).
Disease extension, MYCN oncogene status and age are the most relevant prognostic factors, and their influence on outcome have been considered in the design of the recent treatment protocols.
MRI helps to accurately demonstrate disease extension and predict prognosis.
MRI helps not only to accurately demonstrate disease extension but also to predict prognosis, make therapy decisions, and monitor therapy [11, 12].
Post total thyroidectomy radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation is an option, especially in patients with distant metastasis, tumours larger than 4 cm, or extra-thyroidal disease extension.
As with corticosteroids, we try to modulate immunosuppressive drugs according to the degree of intraocular inflammation and the possible occurrence of complications and/or recurrences and/or disease extension in the same eye or bilaterally.
The information from TRUS biopsy is now routinely correlated with imaging information provided by multiparametric MRI (mpMRI); this offers a clearer representation of disease foci and extraprostatic disease extension as well as improved biopsy sampling and characterization as part of staging (Lawrentscuk and Fleshner 2009; Kaplan et al. 2002; Cirillo et al. 2008; Pullini et al. 2016).
