In this respect, the case-study also illustrates how "descriptive" studies of scientific practice can connect with normative issues in philosophy of science, thereby addressing a central concern in recent discussions of practice-oriented philosophy of science.
The PD used lecturer R / O / Gs to initiate discussion of practice, doing so on an individual level (where the writing of the R / O / G helped raise lecturer awareness of orientations and goals) and in-group discussion (where all benefited from an explicit discussion of orientations and goals, leading to personal reflection).
As will be clear from the preceding theoretical discussion of practice, middle leading is understood as site-based, and so here the data collection is localised, and the findings will provide a touchstone for others involved in leading in preschools to reflect on their policies and practices.
As with quality improvement, clinical audits of practice may be conducted and audit feedback presented to staff [ 1], with opportunities provided for discussion of practice gaps.
Analysis yielded five overarching concerns, each encompassing ancillary issues, ranging from how disclosure was arranged and communicated to how disclosure incorporated discussion of practice change and improved outcomes.
38 39 The intervention included discussion of practice specific antibiotic dispensing and resistance data, as well as a report showing an association between reductions in practice based dispensing and local levels of resistance, which has not been done before.
We deduced information about beliefs from participant discussion of practices when beliefs were not specifically verbalized.
Secondly, because Newton regarded himself as misinterpreted by his critics, he had recourse to meta-level or methodological discussions of the practice of optics and of the kinds of knowledge that philosophers can obtain when engaging in experiments with light.
Also, discussions of clinical practice problems with health workers are known to help improve care quality and adherence to clinical guidelines [ 16].
Presentations and discussions on case stories in peer groups of GPs followed a detailed storyline, and initiated dialogues that highlighted patients' perspectives and facilitated learning, discussions of best practice and reflections on medical ethics.
