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According to Bergson, it is something that just has to be intuited and cannot be grasped by discursive reason.
His criticism of science is based on Jacobi's work, though he did not agree with Jacobi in opposing discursive reason to the intuitive knowledge of God; Steinheim contrasted human reason with divine revelation.
Ratio or discursive reason is our capacity for thinking, using concepts and judgments.
God dwells inside this wall, and the wall also symbolizes the coincidence of opposites and thus the defeat of discursive reason and the principle of contradiction.
Cusanus leads us through a series of reflections on seeing and on the face of God only to let us realize that, whatever ratio or discursive reason comes to realize, God is located beyond both imaginative exercise and conceptual understanding.
(Jacobi, 1799: 41) Spinoza knew that truth is its own criterion; that ultimately, therefore, it is not amenable to discursive reason but must be apprehended immediately on its own, intuitively.
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Ghazzālī, an orthodox jurist and a major exponent of faith based theology (Ash'arite) having studied philosophy, thought discursive reasoning stood on a solid ground but soon turned against philosophy, offering a devastating critique of reason in his The Incoherence of Philosophers (Tahāfut al-falāsifah).
One reason to think so is the fairly widespread wariness in Chinese philosophy of a discursive rationality that operates by deduction of conclusions about the particular from high-level generalizations.
By contrast, Zen's stance of "anti-philosophy" maintains among other things that reason in its discursive use is incapable of knowing and understanding in toto what reality is, for example, what human beings are and what their relation to nature is.
For the same reason, the other non-discursive arts attract almost as little interest as poetry (however, see Camus 1951, 257).
In particular, we can arrive at a state in which some arrangement is publicly justified by non-deliberative, indeed non-discursive means, and it is for this reason that public reason is a narrower notion than public justification.
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