These, along with infanticide and the preference given male babies in the region in dishing out food, have meant 79 million female deaths attributable to discrimination, the 2000 Report on Human Development in South Asia estimated.
We have no information about how much of this difference is attributable to discrimination and how much to fertility-related working-pattern differences.
They also conclude that the gap is not directly attributable to discrimination but rather to growing differences in productive characteristics, in particular, to an increased gap in the educational attainment between the Han and the minorities and a presumed strengthening of the relationship between educational attainment and higher-status occupations.
How much of that is attributable to discrimination?
The numbers, as reported by researchers Janelle Jones and John Schmitt, are at least partly attributable to racial discrimination in labour markets.
There are differences in perceptions between the genders in relation to the "leaky pipeline phenomenon", being attributable to subtle discrimination, and this is, suspiciously, denied by those who are well represented in scientific committees, where evaluation rules and selection mechanisms and decisions associated with candidates are made in hospital medicine.
Williams has proposed that the persistently worse health outcomes among Blacks may be attributable to broader societal discrimination in neighborhoods (i.e., residential segregation) and in health care delivery (i.e., institutional discrimination) [ 97, 98].
Despite the steady growth of a professional and entrepreneurial middle class, there is widespread unemployment among the Arabs, much of it attributable to open or covert discrimination practised by both the state-owned and private sectors.
Using this framework, new studies have found that some types of racial disparities in healthcare were largely caused by discrimination [ 47, 48] while others were mainly attributable to segregation [ 21, 49].
This leads them into suggesting – as Policy Exchange has in a report titled Living Apart Together – that experiences of Islamophobia and discrimination faced by Muslims in Britain are simply "myths" attributable to a "victim mentality".
