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By introducing binary variables that indicate discrete pipe and pump sizes, we linearize the nonlinear hydraulic equations and objective function terms.
The integral is approximated by summing discrete pipe segments that were designated to implement the model.
To estimate a point concentration, the leaching rate was divided by the water flow rate (Q x ) and integrated along a pipe to the location of interest, i. (A5) P C i (t ) = ∫ x = 0 i C 0 e − (T ) r π D x r Q x d x This integral is approximated by summing discrete pipe segments we designated to implement the model.
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Within these soil fields, a single loop HGHE was modelled as discrete pipes placed in a heterogeneous soil continuum.
The 3D discrete fracture pipe network model is adopted to systematically analyse the effects of the water curtain system (different water curtain states, water curtain pressure, length and spacing and the angles of the horizontal water curtain system) on the water-sealing effectiveness of the rock caverns in the fractured rock mass in both construction phase and storage phase.
The main concern associated with optimization of water distribution networks is related to the nonlinearity of discharge-head loss equation, availability of the discrete nature of pipe sizes, and constraints, such as conservation of mass and energy equations.
The water supposed to be delivered via shortest path to certain nodes will be directed along a path distinct from shortest path which may be longest, but that brings the cost economy in view of additional annular area available due to discrete selection of pipe sizes than actually required if continuous size is permitted.
Three dimensional discrete model of pipe-to-flat fillet weld is created in Abaqus FEA engineering software.
A big advantage of this technique is that you can bend small or discrete areas of the pipe, one section at a time.
By applying the discrete method, a semi-circular pipe is meshed equably into N micro-pipe-wall elements with the same geometric parameters.
The damper consists of a metal ring attached to the pipe by several discrete rubber inserts.
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