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The evolutionary transitions that generated the brain-migration association were evaluated with phylogenetic Markov chain methods, implemented in the DISCRETE option from BAYES-TRAITS [28], [30].
Ties were handled using the TIES = EFRON option in the PHREG procedure, and subsequently using the TIES = DISCRETE option in the PHREG procedure for comparison.
The relative efficiency also depends on how ties are handled, with Cox regression relatively less efficient when ties are handled using the TIES = DISCRETE option compared to the TIES = EFRON option.
When ties were handled using the TIES = DISCRETE option, the CPU time for Cox regression was 3.91 times greater than the CPU time for nested case-control model (14.65 vs. 3.75 seconds).
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Toyota's low transaction costs and penchant for small-scale collaborations helped it keep open 80 discrete options for the hybrid engine until just six months before delivering a final design.
This article explores dynamic path-dependent aspects of the Stockholm district heating system case, in which the performance of some discrete options is conditioned by others.
The partitioning of the original Pareto optimal set of solvents leads to smaller compact groups of similar solvent molecules from which representative molecules are introduced into the process synthesis model as discrete options to determine the optimal process performance associated with the optimal solvent.
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Compared with real-time decision variables, integer decision variables are able to determine the discrete options, such as facility expansion options.
In such cases citizens can easier select a participation level determined within a range ([1,{z}]) of ({z}leqslant k_{i, e}) discrete options.
The fuzziness and randomness may exist not in integer decision variables but in real-number ones; on the contrary, integer decision variables can be interval numbers, which can represent the set of limited discrete options.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com