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Different types of the feedback operator to the discrete estimates are analyzed.
In order to better understand the role of the greenhouse effect in Earth's climate evolution, we have compiled ∼1,500 discrete estimates of atmospheric CO2 from five independent techniques drawn from 112 published studies covering the last 420 Myrs (Supplementary Data 1).
A threshold detector is used to convert them into hard symbol decisions, i.e., discrete estimates chosen from the symbol alphabet based on a minimum distance rule.
We trained a separate classifier for each outcome measure (survival >3 months and survival >12 months) because, as a parametric modeling methodology, BBNs are not well suited to provide discrete estimates in time.
Diffusion MRI also allows the three-dimensional trajectories of fiber bundles in the white matter to be reconstructed by piecing together discrete estimates of the underlying continuous fiber-orientation fields, making noninvasive study of brain connectivity possible [36], [37], [38], [39].
Model M0 estimates a single ω parameter for all sites and branches, while model M3 (discrete) estimates three independent ω parameters and the proportion of sites belonging to each ω-class directly from the data.
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All scoring systems provide a discrete estimate of the class-conditional probability of morbidity risk and consequently poor calibration.
Moreover the use of this type of model implies a discrete estimate of class-conditional probability and subsequently poor calibration.
In Figure 3, we used a non-parametric method formulated by Kalbfleisch and Prentice [ 16] to estimate cause-specific hazard and obtained a discrete estimate of the cumulative incidence function (cumulative risk).
To determine whether the zebra finch and white-throated sparrow TAS2Rs in this cluster exhibited a similar pattern of evolution, we compared a model in which a single ω was estimated for all codons (M0) to a model in which codons were partitioned into three groups, each of which is associated with a discrete estimate of ω (M3).
Equation (7) can be estimated through discrete approximation of the bivariate integral.
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