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Hence, discovery of risk factors for the recurrence and metastasis will be of great significance in the prognosis and management of NPC patients.
Acknowledging that the same genetic risk variants can have different phenotypic effects could help inform discovery of risk variants for childhood developmental/psychiatric disorders for which it can be difficult to assemble very large sample sizes.
Since the human genome became available a decade ago, genome-wide association study gradually became the predominant method for the discovery of risk genes/variations, as compared to the traditional target gene/loci approach.
The development and implementation of powerful bioinformatics and biostatistics has been arguably a main driver of recent biobanking successes not only in the discovery of risk factors for common diseases but also in developing 'systems medicine': connecting multiple levels of -omics data and thereby enabling discovery of new biological pathways, disease mechanisms and medications.
Since the discovery of risk variants in PPARG in 1998, KCNJ11 in 2003, and TCF7L2 in 2006, the emergence of GWAS in 2007 combined with access to large well-powered study populations has quickly expanded the list of validated type 2 diabetes susceptibility alleles [ 14].
As such, a major impediment to progress in the discovery of risk loci for hearing in humans is the lack of control of the many environmental factors that affect hearing during the lifetime, and, to date, only a limited number of large-scale GWAS for hearing phenotypes have been undertaken in humans.
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High-throughput genotyping and sequencing technologies have enabled rapid discoveries of risk loci and DNA variants associated with human genetic disorders, including hearing loss and balance impairment (1).
For instance, nefazodone is associated with a low risk of death from hepatic (liver) failure; the discovery of this risk association resulted in the drug's discontinuation in the United States.
Nicor officials solemnly said it was the first case in which mercury had been seen since the discovery of the risk.
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) are an optimal design for discovery of disease risk loci for diseases whose underlying genetic architecture includes many common causal loci of small effect (a polygenic architecture).
Here we discuss the use of functional genomics approaches that integrate transcriptomic, epigenetic, and endophenotype traits with systems biology to annotate genetic variants, and to facilitate discovery of AD risk genes.
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