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His later and correct definition of natural acceleration as dependent on time is an insight gained through recognizing the physical significance of the mean proportional relation (Machamer and Hepburn 2004; for a different analysis of Galileo's discovery of free fall see Renn et al. 2004).
The discovery of free nucleic acids in the circulation of adults in 1948 [ 53] has been of great importance in the field of NIPD.
The discovery of free fetal DNA (ffDNA) in the maternal circulation during pregnancy [ 12] was probably the most important step in opening the way towards the development of NIPD approaches.
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The most-promising discoveries of free gold were made at Williams, Lightning, and Lowhee creeks, but the former proved the richest; hence it became the centre of mining operations for the district.
The possibility of diagnosing aneuploidies with a maternal blood test emerged with the discovery of cell free fetal DNA (cffDNA) in 1997 [ 2], and in 2008 the first proof-of-principle studies were published showing that non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for aneuploidy was possible using next generation sequencing (NGS) [ 3, 4].
In 1907, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "his discovery of cell-free fermentation".
The discovery of cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma in 1997 has opened up new avenues for prenatal diagnosis [6], [7].
Since the discovery of cell-free fetal nucleic acids circulating in the blood of pregnant women [ 58], combined with the development of next-generation DNA sequencing technologies, it is now possible to perform early, non-invasive prenatal genetic testing [ 59].
The discovery of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in blood has provided an accessible source of genetic material from foetal tissue [ 1], solid tumours [ 2, 3] or solid organ transplants [ 4].
That Loeb was a biochemist, rather than a developmental biologist like Roux, was no accident, since the discovery of cell-free fermentation by Eduard Buchner in 1897 is regarded as both one of the foundations of modern biochemistry and also a major experimental nail in the coffin of vitalism.
With the discovery of cell-free fetal DNA (cff-DNA) in maternal plasma [ 7- 10] and the emergence of high-throughput sequencing, the clinical application of non-invasive tests to detect fetal chromosomal abnormalities using maternal plasma sequencing have been discussed [ 11- 13].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com