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As discussed in the preceding section (Discovery, justification, and falsification), the probability ascribed to an outcome may vary, even quite dramatically, when new information is added.
(This illustrates a point raised in an earlier section: namely, that attempts to justify the choice of a hypothesis rest on expectations about future discoveries. See Discovery, justification, and falsification).
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Since the same reasoning process usually serves both discovery and justification and since any thorough evaluation of reasoning must take into account the strategies that govern the entire process, ultimately the context of discovery and the context of justification cannot be studied independently of each other.
(Popper 1959, 31) Drawing a sharp distinction between discovery and justification, the standard philosophical literature devotes most of its attention to the latter.
Classical empiricists (Francis Bacon) and rationalists (René Descartes) of the seventeenth century urged that the use of proper methods of inquiry guarantees the discovery and justification of new truths.
They retain the notion of two contexts and re-draw the boundaries between the contexts of discovery and justification as they were drawn in the early 20th century.
Gendered norms of conversational interaction and epistemic authority thus influence the ability of knowledge practices to incorporate the knowledge and experience of men and women into their processes of discovery and justification.
This was highlighted by his rejection of the distinction between discovery and justification (denying that we can distinguish between the psychological process of thinking up an idea and the logical process of justifying its claim to truth) and his emphasis on incommensurability (the claim that certain kinds of comparison between theories are impossible).
A problem with the distinction between the contexts of discovery and justification that figured so prominently in philosophy of science in the first half of the 20th century (see section 2) is that no such distinction can be clearly seen in scientific activity (see Arabatzis 2006).
A distinction in methodology was made between the contexts of discovery and of justification.
This distinction has been challenged in recent years by those that see the path of discovery contributing to justification.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com