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Why have so many programs yielded discouraging efficacy data in phase II and III clinical trials?
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This may overwhelm candidate vaccines with erroneously discouraging protective efficacy, as was seen in the Maryland typhoid studies.
The use of Reiki should therefore be probably discouraged if only efficacy is considered, but chosen if the emphasis is on "non-maleficium" or the patient's autonomy; the issue of justice modulates the choice according to the burden of overall costs, and the availability of the treatment in the different settings.
Adsorptive granulocyte and monocyte apheresis (GMA) with an Adacolumn in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) has been applied as a non-pharmacological treatment strategy, but the efficacy has been encouraging as well as discouraging, depending on patients' demography at entry.
Treatment plans often involve: additional patient education and lifestyle counseling; discouraging patient use of specific H/NP due to pre-existing conditions, lack of efficacy data, or drug interactions for H/NP; encouraging use of H/NP based upon safety or efficacy data; or providing nutritional suggestions to the patients.
As stated by the Institute of Medicine "guidelines are systematically defined and evidence-based statements that reduce undesirable practice variation by discouraging use of services of questionable value while encouraging use of services with proven efficacy" [1].
It is discouraging, faced with the potential side-effects of FFP, that available data on the efficacy of FFP are scarce [ 42, 43].
How discouraging.
Discouraging news for an already discouraged workforce.
It was very discouraging.
Early returns are discouraging.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com