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The numerator is the difference between the discounted stream of normal life expectancy (LE) for the respondent, in years, and the discounted stream of shortened LE, calculated as (1/r)* 1-e -r)* 1-e -rrespondent)) - (1/r)* 1-e -r)* LE of respondent - time traded)), where r is the discount rate.
The value of a country's assets, arguably, is the discounted stream of its future GDP; the value of its liabilities is its foreign debt.
The bank maximizes the discounted stream of future dividends subject to the evolution of capital and to the capital regulatory constraint.
Their work, and subsequent studies of suicide rates by economists, established the notion that an individual will commit suicide when the discounted stream of expected utility over this person's lifetime falls below his/her threshold utility level of living.
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This attempts to do for government programs what the forces of the marketplace do for business programs: to measure, and compare in terms of money, the discounted streams of future benefits and future costs associated with a proposed project.
The discounted earnings stream is added to a pessimistic valuation of the company at the end of ten years, which assumes just 5% subsequent cash flow growth.
This view of earnings quality is consistent with a valuation perspective, where investors typically view the firm as a long-life profit-generating entity, and value is based on estimating and discounting the stream of future profits.
In the long-term, however, market valuations should reflect the fundamentals of discounting a stream of future cash flows.
We calculate the present value of expected costs by discounting the stream of expenditures at a rate of three percent, as recommended by the World Health Organization [41].
Topics include property income streams, urban economics, discounted cash flow, equity valuation, leverage and income tax considerations, development projects, and joint ventures.
The $10 deal for DirecTV Now comes about by discounting the streaming service's $35 per month entry-level plan, "Live a Live".
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com