Furthermore, modern research may be so complex that even a fully competent nonspecialist might not understand the disclosed information accurately enough to make a truly informed decision (Minogue 1996).
Finally, Mr. Ryan said, borrowers should ask lenders to make sure that application fees, closing costs and mortgage payments are accurately disclosed early in the process.
But the company's executives defended their business practices, saying that the deals in question, in which the company swapped fiber optic capacity with other telecommunications companies, did not cause Global Crossing's collapse and were accurately disclosed.
In June, Mr. Schneiderman also sent subpoenas to five large shale gas companies as part of a Martin Act inquiry into whether the companies had accurately disclosed the environmental risks from fracking to investors.
Farmer Mac completely and accurately discloses all information required of it by the securities laws and regulations.
The S.E.C. also discovered that an Apollo affiliate failed to accurately disclose details about a loan it took from some of Apollo's private equity funds.
This month, Mr. Schneiderman also subpoenaed five of the largest companies in the country that do natural gas drilling to determine whether they were accurately disclosing the risks of hydrofracking.
In a letter sent to its suppliers on Tuesday, Wal-Mart said they must "fully and accurately disclose" in advance any factories they or any of their subcontractors plan to use.
An increasing number of universities do not accept grants from cigarette makers, and a growing awareness of the influence that companies can have over research outcomes, even when donations are at arm's length, has led nearly all medical journals and associations to demand that researchers accurately disclose financing sources.
ImClone Systems said federal regulators are considering taking action against the troubled drugmaker for failing to accurately disclose information in December about an experimental cancer drug.
