"It stems from an oppressive discipline system," the commander of the robbery-homicide unit, Capt.
Convinced that student unruliness was impeding learning, the school installed a rigid discipline system.
David used a progressive discipline system where the repercussions for each infraction increased in severity.
Mr. Paff criticized the policy as a restraint of free speech that effectively bars oversight of the discipline system.
A strict discipline system was put in place, and nearly 1,000 officers left to work elsewhere.
"Is that because they are behaving better, or because they have a weaker discipline system?" he asked.
"The investigation concerning the officer has been finalised through the QPS discipline system," police said in a statement.
The state began pumping more money into the medical discipline system in 1986, but the process remains unwieldy.
That reticence, a hallmark of the F.B.I. internal discipline system in which Mr. Dunbar worked for years, worries some civil rights advocates.
Mr. Dunbar, a former F.B.I. agent and a supervisor, modeled the state police discipline system on the Office of Professional Responsibility at the Justice Department.
Several years ago, Mr. Leubsdorf said, he studied the legal discipline system in France and found that very few lawyers faced discipline charges in any given year.
