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In this context, common to Continental and Mediterranean countries, the discipline effect of competition or the internalization of externalities are weak.
Not surprisingly, and possibly due to a discipline effect, variations exist between both implementation frameworks for different healthcare innovations and implementation frameworks for the same healthcare innovation.
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The real concern from the decline of a hostile takeover is that its disciplining effect will disappear.
The reason is not only because of the disciplining effect this activity brings to the target company, but also because of the general fear these activists inspire.
The evidence is strongest for women, and consistent with a hypothesis that reduced job security has a disciplining effect.
However, once we include technology transfer as an additional output, the coefficient for public third-party funding turns insignificant while private funding becomes significant, indicating that the disciplining effect of public donors focuses on publications while private donors foster technology transfer.
In the scientific meeting context, a non-disclosure agreement could have a similar disciplining effect among researchers as it does among companies in large industries.
Finally, the long-run growth effects associated with trade liberalization need to be considered, including increases in firm productivity due to access to new inputs and technologies as well as potential gains due to the disciplining effect of foreign competition on domestic mark-ups.
For Ecuador, adopting the dollar was a way of imposing strict fiscal discipline, in effect by turning monetary policy over to the United States Federal Reserve Board.
On a personal level, the only answers are insight into the absolute necessity for lifestyle changes, combined with the discipline to effect them.
With only limited machine-guns and with bad light hindering the supporting artillery, the job of turning back the Turkish assault fell to the riflemen and by maintaining strict fire discipline, great effect was achieved.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com