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Fig. 2 Schematics of the two scenarios starting from discharging process of a single EV battery.
The charging and discharging process of a battery is denoted in the following two equations [35].
The other is the charging and discharging process, which tends to have a longer cycle.
All the heat stored in charging process is released in discharging process.
However, in solar thermal applications, heat transfer enhancement is required mainly for discharging process rather than for charging.
The time constant is characterized by τc in charging process as well as τd in discharging process.
Besides power loss should also be taken into consideration, including the loss within charging process, discharging process and storage process.
The asymmetric compensator is based on the sign of the output u f to determine charging or discharging process.
Also employing optimized V-shaped fin in LHTESS, expedites discharging process considerably in comparison with the LHTESS without fin.
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Furthermore, battery characteristic constraints should be considered in charging-discharging process.
Besides, a high discharge rate or a high current density is very important for a real supercapacitor device, which involves a fast charging-discharging process [43].
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