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The LPG cargo loading and discharging operations have always potential hazards.
At the same time, batteries handle the more slowly varying component of P hess and avoid frequent charging and discharging operations, using their large capacity and providing the more economical form of energy storage.
This paper presents an experimental study of the phase change heat transfer inside a cylindrical latent heat energy storage system (LHESS), designed with a central finned copper pipe running the length of the cylindrical container, during charging and discharging operations.
To achieve the capacitor voltage balancing in each converter arm, the charging and discharging operations depend on the arm current direction and the capacitor voltage of each SM [12, 13] where the SM with lower capacitor voltage is charged first, while the SM with higher capacitor voltage is discharged first.
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Fig. 7 Simulation results in discharging operation.
Pall < 0 stands for charging operation while Pall > 0 represents discharging operation.
PBESUi[k] < 0 stands for charging operation while PBESUi[k] > 0 for discharging operation.
Consequently, it will affect the charging requirement and discharging operation possibility of EVs.
In this application, controlled charging and discharging operation of the concerned battery bank is extremely needed.
The simulation results in both charging and discharging operation validate the feasibility of the proposed control strategy.
Equation 11 shows how the battery status is calculated depending on its charging or discharging operation mode.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com