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When poly- l-lysine (PLL) was used to change the carbon surface of the EM grids, 1 mg/ml of low molecular weight PLL (Sigma P7890) was prepared in water and applied to a glow discharged grid for 10 min.
To cause a discharge, the grid potential is raised enough to start electrons flowing from the cathode.
Glow discharging the grid to make the film more hydrophilic is a common routine for sample preparation and its efficiency is mainly depending on the property of the sample and how it is performed [ 59, 64].
Samples were layered onto formvar coated/carbon coated/glow discharged copper grids and allowed to sit for 2 5 min. The grids were rinsed 3 times with water and stained with 2% uranyl acetate for 1 3 min. After removal of excess uranyl acetate solution, the grids were air-dried and examined at 60 kV in JEOL-1200EX.
Formaldehyde-fixed polymer products at 0, 5, 8, and 12 min were diluted and transferred onto the 400 mesh, glow-discharged copper grids coated with Formvar/Carbon and then negatively stained with filtered 2% aqueous uranyl acetate essentially as described previously.
Samples were prepared by applying the protein stock solution on hydrophilic glow discharged carbon grids that were negatively stained with 1% uranyl acetate (UA) or 2% (w/v) ammonium molybdate.
That is, PEVs are allowed to discharge to the grid only down to a pre-defined SOC level.
Gas phase constituents activation was obtained by a stable glow discharge between two grid electrodes coupled with two sets of parallel hot filaments settled in-between and polarised at the corresponding plasma potential.
Each sample was diluted with water to a liposome concentration of ~10 mg/ml lipids and 3 μL was transferred to a glow discharge Quantifoil carbon grid (Jena, Germany) in a chamber equilibrated at 22°C and 100% RH.
We calculated the proportion of asthma-related hospital discharges as the number of asthma-related hospital discharges in each grid in each quarter divided by the total population birth to 19 years of age in the corresponding grid and quarter.
In this stage, if the current selling price of electricity is higher than 80% of the maximum selling price of electricity during the day being simulated, and the SoC of the vehicle is above its minimum limit plus 10% and discharging is allowed at this time of the day according to the choice of the user in Table 3, then the EV will be discharged into the grid at the nominal rate (3 kW).
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