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Some of his theories have been revised, some discarded; questions about his methods and findings plagued Freud throughout his career.
For the derivation study, we first discarded questions with Cohen's κ coefficients <0.4 or those with an item-rest correlation (IRC) of ≥0.2.
Among the discarded questions, the maximum floor effect was presented by the question referring to having to see the doctor due to the unwanted effects, with an accumulation of 62% of the answers in the "Not at all" category.
They discarded questions, basing their judgement on clarity of expression, the question's relevance to patients attending a GP, the fact that people with low literacy levels must be able to answer, appropriateness at an individual level, simplicity of answers, gender specificity, the potential invasiveness of an item and the risk of response bias if the question would be asked by a GP.
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One discarded question regarded core concept 3 (the importance of limiting biological variation), which 95.8% of students answered correctly on the pretest, and the other question regarded core concept 5 (the need to control for extraneous factors), which 89.6% of students answered correctly on the pretest.
The dotted flow indicates the preprocessing of the threads for coverage analysis on how-to-do-it questions, i.e., the thread filter to select threads with how-to-do-it question, the post filter to discard the questions from the threads, and the content filter to select the code samples of the answers.
"There's also a very real concern that if you discard the questions the states, or certain institutions, wanted answered, they'll create their own financial aid forms, putting us right back where we were before the Fafsa".
Cognitive interviews provided feedback for questionnaire modifications and methods to enhance content validity and data quality, including discarding redundant questions, providing visual aids and concrete examples when appropriate and increasing the use of racially and ethnically concordant interviewers.
In most cases, the incongruity is a red flag, prompting developers to discard the question.
We were forced to discard one question (core concept Purpose of Experiments), which was answered in an expert-like way by 13 of the 18 experts (72.2%); in addition to five of our experts choosing what we considered a non expert-like anon expert-likethree suggested answeranotherording threee ansuggestedonsidered expert-like.
Using a logistic regression, after recording data into a dichotomy (zeros vs. ones) is a common approach, but important information is discarded since the question of "how much" something occurred is reduced to "whether or not" it occurred [ 30].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com