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One representative survey of American adults conducted by the epidemiologists Naomi Breslau and Ronald Kessler found that 89.6% of the general population had experienced at least one traumatic stressor such as a serious accident, natural disaster, rape or the unexpected death of a loved one, yet only 9.2% developed PTSD.
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Although Haiti routinely suffers from political and natural disasters, rape is an especially insidious crisis.
Because the cancer experience involves so many upsetting events, it is much more difficult to single out one event as a cause of stress than it is for other traumas, such as a natural disaster or rape.
The condition develops after traumatic events such as combat, terror activities, disaster, or rape, and has 3 main features: (1) reexperiencing the trauma through recollection, dreams, and reliving, (2) avoidance of thoughts, activities, and emotions associated with the trauma, and (3) hyperarousal [ 2].
In an essay on the form called "Structure of the Fait-Divers," Roland Barthes defined it as total or immanent information (containing nothing outside of itself): "Disasters, murders, rapes, accidents, thefts, all this refers to man, to his history, his alienation, his hallucinations, his dreams, his fears".
Donald Trump intends to withdraw America from the TPP, which he has characterised as a job-killing "disaster" and a "rape of our country".
That's all you've seen in the world -- and just torn to a disaster overnight: killing and rape and all this unbelievable stuff going on.
This trauma can be war, rape, natural disaster or growing up in a dysfunctional family, which can cause excess dopamine transporters to be manufactured by the brain.
The community I witnessed in Porgy and Bess, with each member making the most of his or her rugged life -- against poverty, the law, rape, natural disaster -- was making choices to love, to be in relationships, to marry, to create families.
Following the disasters of the John Worboys and Kirk Reid rape cases, assistant Met commissioner John Yates admits that "nothing can excuse the failure to follow up straightforward lines of inquiry" (Reinventing our response, 27 March).
The 2014 Report of the UN Secretary-General on gender equality in natural disasters underlines the likelihood of rape and sexual violence rising during natural disasters.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com