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Darwin knew that natural selection could not be expected to favour the evolution of disadvantageous traits, and he was able to offer a solution to this problem.
Correspondingly, individuals with certain disadvantageous traits (e.g., not being able to use a key amino acid) do not leave behind as many offspring.
Evolution via genetic drift works much like evolution via natural selection, but with one key difference: differential survival and reproduction (the selection step described above) are caused, not by advantageous or disadvantageous traits, but by random chance.
The answer might lie in the disadvantageous traits of bipedalism and hairlessness, both of which could have been narrowly overcome through family bonding.
Bipedalism and hairlessness are disadvantageous traits; only those who could survive trials and tribulations in cooperation with family members must have been able to evolve as humans.
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Even though phenotypic variation is associated with the sweep, it may not necessarily be the trait that evolved under selection, but may even be a (slightly) disadvantageous trait.
This pattern suggests that high specificity may be a disadvantageous trait in biological control when the objective is to spatially confined the distribution of a pest species.
How is it possible that natural selection could lead to such a high genetic susceptibility to develop such a disadvantageous trait?
Recently, we developed a procedure that improves this disadvantageous trait (unpublished data) and increases the fermentation activity to slightly less than that of Scheffersomyces stipitis at around 30°C and a much higher activity at higher temperatures.
Today, lactose-intolerance can still be a disadvantageous trait, as illustrated by the considerable mortality observed in non-tolerant African children following consumption of milk products from alimentary aid.
For several risk alleles, an association with subtle impairments in cognitive functions (e.g., [ 22]) or disadvantageous personality traits (e.g., [ 21, 23, 24]) have been found, although this does depend on the gene and the respective tagging marker.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com