As hypothesized, subjects showed a more disadvantageous pattern of decision-making after testosterone compared to placebo administration.
Such instances of discrimination might not have the paradigmatic status that an example like the Roma case has, but they should be counted as forms of direct discrimination, because the disadvantageous treatment derives from an objectionable mental state of the agent.
However, other investigations of CD73 in different solid tumors found contradictory results: CD73 has been reported as a disadvantageous prognostic or predictive factor, namely, in colorectal, gastric, gallbladder, prostate, and some forms of breast cancer [ 38– 438.
At the same time, some European citizens have voiced concern that biobank-related research might turn against them, either by violating their right to confidentiality or proving disadvantageous in terms of influencing their insurance premiums, or employment opportunities, or prompting other forms of discrimination.
In fact, the relation is disadvantageous both for the slave and for the master" (Assiter 1988, 65), for neither gains the forms of recognition necessary for self-conscious awareness and emotional fulfillment.
One hypothesis we have advanced is that certain forms of phenotypic plasticity, which arise through natural selection because they increase individual fitness, can be disadvantageous in controlled plant production systems where it is population and community performance we want to optimize (Weiner 2004).
Central β-END is released during various forms of stress and "is a prime example of a peptide whose principal function seems to be to inhibit responses in conditions under which they would be disadvantageous" (p 739; emphasis is ours).
Through research of gel rheological change under low-frequency vibration, vibration for a longtime in induction stage was found to be disadvantageous for forming the gel used in water channel plugging, but short-term vibrating could delay cross-linking and reduce resistance in near wellbore zone gel injection.
However, the remaining mutations identified are likely to offer some form of increased fitness at higher temperatures, as disadvantageous or neutral mutations are not expected to propagate through the many genomes in Synechocystis and are thus likely to be lost after a couple of generations or at the very least not be detectable by NGS or Sanger sequencing.
As Jeffrey Rosen, who writes widely about legal issues, has observed: "Discrimination usually implies some form of contempt for a class of people being singled out for disadvantageous treatment as a consequence of their shared characteristics.
