The biophysical cues of fibrillar collagen facilitated efficient invasion of sterically disadvantageous environments through assisting cell polarization and formation of stable cell protrusions.
Furthermore, in comparison with adults, children have only limited capabilities to move from disadvantageous environments [ 36].
Low parental SEP is believed to be an important risk factor for offspring mental health problems because it reflects exposure to a disadvantageous social environment during important developmental phases early in the life course.
Generally speaking, UBA sees the need to discuss the extent to which the trend towards increasingly refined risk assessment for individual PPPs (i) is appropriate or is as a rule disadvantageous for the environment, (ii) causes unnecessary societal costs, and (iii) places excessive demands on the risk communication (see further below).
A disadvantageous socio-economic environment, a rural lifestyle and living far from large specialized treatment centres were significant independent predictors of not gaining access to surgeons specialized in breast cancer.
According to the literature, characteristics selected under captive conditions are often disadvantageous in natural environments (see for instance Frankham et al. 1986; Fleming and Gross 1993; Reisenbichler and Rubin 1999; Chilcote 2003; Heath et al. 2003; Kraaijeveld-Smit et al. 2006).
As mentioned before, a tumor is a complex, dynamic system where cells compete for resources, and while increased motility should actually be disadvantageous in a homogeneous environment, increased mobility can be advantageous under variably harsh conditions (Chen et al. 2011).
These genetic variants represent ancestral alleles, presumably under selective pressure, that have become disadvantageous after changes in environment and of lifestyle [51], [53], [54].
As shown in Table 1, high-adsorption phages are tremendously disadvantageous in the biofilm environment.
