For example, the bursting of the "housing and credit bubble" affects not only investors, but also, and most directly, the holders of subprime mortgages — targeted for these loans precisely because they were already disadvantaged and thus deemed ineligible for conventional loans.
Patients referred outside the 2-week wait are disadvantaged and thus practitioners would be wise to refer all their patients through the 2-week wait system.
Thus disadvantaged, owners of those stations had to take greater risks and to offer alternatives to the mainstream programming of their more powerful competitors.
Rapid access to emergency healthcare can be crucial for outcomes in critical health situations and rural residents are thus disadvantaged.
Poor women have less economic power to pay for service or commodity they need, and are thus disadvantaged and less empowered than their rich counterparts [ 31].
They tend to attract the most talented teachers to the most challenging classrooms and the most capable school leaders to the most disadvantaged schools, thus challenging all students with high standards and excellent teaching.
In such cases, public health authorities must decide whether a commitment to social justice requires foregoing an efficient, targeted program in favor of a relatively inefficient, universal program that also may produce less improvement in health for the disadvantaged group (thus failing to narrow unjust inequalities) in order to avoid exacerbating existing disrespectful social attitudes.
Despite an overall decline in smoking rates in the developed world, declines have been slower or nonexistent amongst disadvantaged groups, thus increasing inequalities [ 11– 11].
Hence, Internet-based questionnaires can very well help to reach out to a considerable proportion of the community hit by a disaster but in fact miss the most disadvantaged and thus those most severely hit by the catastrophe.
Although the use of one large hospital is a potential limitation of our work, as almost 99% of Irish births occur in Irish maternity hospitals, hospital based sampling does provide almost complete coverage of recent live births in Ireland including under-served or disadvantaged groups, thus potentially allowing health disparities to be addressed.
