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Even considering this more homogeneous sample, we find the more disadvantaged categories showing larger policy effects.
Unlike women, to be eligible to participate in the program, men had to belong to genuinely disadvantaged categories.
6Among those eligible, the ICS program also included special disadvantaged categories such as former drug addicts and alcoholics.
However, recent findings in the literature also suggest that ALMPs may be more effective for individuals from more disadvantaged categories.29 In the case of the ICS program, to become eligible for the program, men (unlike women) were required to belong to genuinely disadvantaged categories, and thus we cannot predict whether the effect is higher for women or for (disadvantaged) men.
Championed by President Richard Nixon to foster black capitalism, the program has the SBA selecting a certain amount of government contracts that must go to small companies owned by people in historically "disadvantaged" categories.
In particular, we find larger effects for more disadvantaged categories: effects are higher for low skilled than for high skilled workers (45% versus 40%) and for older workers with respect to the younger cohort (43% versus 37%).
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The most disadvantaged category of workers, routine-in-dispersed, grew significantly, and wages for that group deteriorated sharply, whereas the earnings advantage of creativity-intensive workers rose steeply.
The proportion of participants in the "disadvantaged" category of each predictor is presented in Table 2, for each study.
Additionally, older women might be the most disadvantaged category since women live longer and therefore spend the last years of their lives living alone.
In the groups based on gender and on area of residence, the personal characteristics highlight higher human capital features in the disadvantaged category.
The disadvantaged category with the lowest cessation rate was single parents (weighted quit rate 5.1%95%5% CI 2.3 to 10.9)) and the affluent category with the highest quit rate was owner occupiers (weighted quit rate 10.8%95%5% CI 9.3 to 12.5)).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com