Also education and the related socioeconomic status are well established determinants for CHD as low education and socioeconomic disadvantage are linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity [ 57].
The argument of Janis & Carrano (1992) is linked to the selective disadvantages of large body size (Blankenhorn, 2000; Hone & Benton, 2005), specifically that large body size increases the risk of extinction of a species.
According to the Correctional Investigator of Canada Howard Sapers, the high rate of incarceration for Indigenous people is linked to systemic discrimination, economic and social disadvantage, substance abuse, and violence and trauma.
Another disadvantage is that CEAP and CEAMD analysis is often (unless it is linked to Federal monopsony buying power) unable to question the initial price given by industry.
For Aboriginal people, remoteness of residence is linked to pervasive disadvantage poverty, poor nutrition and food insecurity, poor housing and infrastructure, unemployment, poor education, lack of a political voice and impaired access to services of all kinds, while poor health is reflected in every statistic, including birth weight, hospitalizations and mortality.
Childhood disadvantage has been linked to an elevated risk of early death from coronary heart disease, stroke and respiratory disease [ 95].
There are many health conditions where socioeconomic disadvantage has been linked to poor outcome, and if this applies to low back pain it might be that we have produced an overly optimistic view of prognosis.
As one who has run a currency board, I think there are disadvantages in being linked to a major country's currency and having your economic policy dictated by the Fed.
Childhood adversity and socioeconomic disadvantage have previously been linked to ill-health across the life-span and sickness benefit in early adulthood.
This did have a disadvantage, since the questionnaire responses could not be linked to any one individual, we were unable to identify members of the group who did not complete the second questionnaire.
