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use of a rectal thermometer was not considered a dirty procedure.
direct application of ear medication/drops was not considered a dirty procedure if no material/fluid was subsequently removed from the ear canal.
The five types of hand hygiene opportunity used in this study were: (1) before animal contact, (2) before a "clean" procedure (with or without gloves), (3) after a "dirty" procedure without gloves, (4) after glove removal, (5) after animal contact.
manipulation inside an animal's mouth included direct administration of pills (i.e. not using a pilling wand, syringe or any means by which the animal consumed the medication voluntarily (e.g. hidden in food)); examination of the buccal gingiva if the fingers were not placed in the buccal sulcus or further into the mouth was not considered a dirty procedure.
Compliance was highest after glove removal (39%, 60/153) followed by after patient contact (26%, 1145/4377), after a "dirty" procedure without gloves (26%, 120/463), before patient contact (3%, 123/4377) and was lowest before a "clean" procedure (2%, 25/1524).
Direct face-to-animal contact or indirect facial contact via an individual's hands occurred prior to hand hygiene in 60% (277/463) of opportunities after a "dirty" procedure, 49% (75/153) of opportunities after glove removal, and of 69% (3003/4377) of opportunities after regular contact with an animal during 96% (2191/2278) of all appointments.
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Based on the multivariable model, compliance was also better in the backroom compared to the exam room for both veterinarians and technicians, and for after "dirty" procedures.
For example, by performing "dirty" procedures at the end of an appointment, hand hygiene for after the procedure and after patient contact can be accomplished with the same attempt.
Hand hygiene prior to patient contact was 3%, compared to after patient contact and after "dirty" procedures at 26%, which was a significant difference in all contrasts in the multivariable model.
Gloves worn to perform "dirty" procedures should be removed immediately afterward, using an appropriate technique to avoid further contamination of the hands, and then hand hygiene should be performed [ 2, 6, 8, 12].
Pre-existing defects or unnoticed damage to gloves during use, as well as the potential for contamination of the hands during glove removal make gloves an imperfect barrier [ 6, 12, 50], and the nature of the "dirty" procedures for which gloves are often worn makes hand hygiene following glove removal very important.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com