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The important difference between these transgenesis systems is that pUAST inserts pseudorandomly throughout the genome, while the pBS-LoxP vector directs insertion to a unique location in an engineered acceptor site (39, 41).
The pOG44 vector encodes FLP recombinase which directs insertion of the modified pcDNA5/FRT targeting vector into the cell's FRT site; hygromycin B resistance is conferred upon insertion of the vector into the site.
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These results reveal how the ATP hydrolysis cycle of the AAA+ domains directs insertion-domain movements that could provide mechanical force during remodeling or helicase activities.
The first possibility, target sequence specificity, has been observed for Tn7, in which the Tn7-encoded protein TnsD directs insertions to a specific location on the chromosome near Ori (attTn7) (Waddell and Craig 1988).
In both bacteria the chromosomal genes encoding the 2-methyl-cis-aconitate hydratase (acnM) were disrupted by directed insertion of a copy of an additional 2-methylcitrate synthase gene (prpC) yielding strains R. eutropha ΔacnMReΩKmprpCPp and P. putida ΔacnMPpΩKmprpCRe.
The psiCheck target plasmids were prepared by directed insertion of the XhoI-NotI digested HIV-1 PCR fragments into the plasmid psiCheck2 (Promega, WI, USA) such that the target sequences were within the 3' UTR of Renilla Luciferase.
Development of new, probably safer, vectors and directed insertion of the mutated gene away from oncogenes promise improved outcome, and clinical trials are ongoing [ 51].
To confirm directed insertion of the PUBdsRED-SV40 cassette into the AaegGr19 locus, a diagnostic PCR product (6362 bp wild-type band, 8787 bp mutant band) was amplified using primers anchored outside the boundaries of both homologous arms: forward, 5'-AGCTGATCAACGTTAACAACTACGATG-3', and reverse, 5'-AGAGCATGGTGTAAACTTGACAGCTCAA-3'.
To confirm directed insertion of the PUbECFPnls-SV40 cassette into the AaegTRPA1 locus, a diagnostic PCR product (no wild-type band, 2075 bp mutant band) was amplified using a forward primer anchored outside the boundary of the left homologous arm (5'-CATGGGACAATTTGGCGTAGGCAGTAT-3') and an ECFP reverse primer anchored inside the inserted cassette (5'- AGATCTCGACCCAAGAAAAAGCGGAAG-3').
The product is flanked by approximately 200 bp, derived from the template, matching the 5′ and 3′ ends of the chosen FP CDS and 50 bp terminal homology arms, derived from the primers, designed to direct insertion into the chosen site within the target gene.
The X-ray structures of 6 h and iso- 6 h[ 20] show that the secondary alkyl substituent of the products causes the acetamide moiety to twist from the plane of the arene, such that directed insertion of IrI into the remaining ortho C H bond is challenging; consequently, bis- ortho-alkylation is not observed.
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