Infectiousness of a given infection, i.e., number of people directly infected from one infected person.
For these maps we assumed two potential scenarios for human infection: 1) humans are directly infected by the virus from the bats, and 2) humans are infected through a pig intermediate host.
To analyze difference in the infection pattern of AM that were directly infected with C. pneumoniae vs. AM that were co- incubated with C. pneumoniae- infected apoptotic PMN we calculated the amount of small and large inclusions inside these cells (Fig. 5A C).
It is notable that the immunodominance hierarchy was similar between mice that received wild-type infected or ΔgL-infected fibroblasts, but slightly different from mice that were directly infected with wild-type virus (compare Figure 4B with Figure 3C).
To identify the source of cytokine production by ICS, we found that both the infected DC and the monocytes, which were not directly infected, produce TNFα (Figure 3B).
Therefore, the zoo felids were most probably directly infected with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus by feeding on infected poultry carcasses.
Primary cases are the result of infection by surface water sources, such as when people are directly infected with the bacteria that cause cholera by drinking untreated water.
In vivo, pathogen-infected APCs may be functionally compromised and DCs may not be directly infected.
We further demonstrated the viability decrease in MDA-MB-231, U251, SMMC-7721 and SMMC-7402 cells directly infected with rAAV-TRE-TRAIL&AAV-Tet-On/Dox+ was correlated with the viral infection.
Although lymphocytes are not directly infected, significant numbers of the cells undergo apoptosis, an effect that is considered to be a hallmark of MVD pathology.
Tissues directly infected by pathogenic fungi or bacteria normally show a gradual change in colour or consistency.
