Exact(5)
The resonators are directly actuated via the inverse piezoelectric effect, and the response is measured using the direct piezoelectric effect.
The goal is to create stable oscillations of the outer link of the Pendubot, which is not directly actuated.
Furthermore, the dynamics of the position of the CM are coupled with the dynamics of the directly actuated shape variables q a, i.e. (29), only through the friction forces.
The fact that the inertia matrix is only a function of the directly actuated shape variables q a is a direct consequence of the invariance of the Lagrangian function (9) w.r.t. the position variables.
For linearizing the dynamics of the directly actuated DOF, we apply the global transformation of the vector of control inputs as ψ = m 11 − m 12 m 22 − 1 m 21 𝜗 − m 12 m 22 − 1 h 2 + h 1 (24).
Similar(55)
Capacitive driving directly actuates the vibrational mode of the cantilever, removing the effects of unwanted mechanical modes present in conventional driving systems and removing the need for a drive piezoelectric.
An interface connects the measuring board with the pressure sensor and a micro proportional driver that directly actuates the flow valve.
Alternatively, protein activity can be actuated directly using synthetic protein ligands, chemically induced protein dimerization, optogenetic strategies, or functionalized magnetic nanoparticles.
Dorso-ventral muscles are attached directly to elements of the wing base,directly actuating the wings.
This nanopositioner is actuated by piezoelectric actuators.
The diaphragm may be actuated mechanically by a piston directly attached to the diaphragm or by a fluid such as compressed air or oil.
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