A simple model postulates that a morphogen activates target genes by directly activating a latent transcriptional activator (Driever et al., 1989).
STAT1 homodimers facilitate transcriptional responses to all types of IFN by directly activating genes containing the IFNγ-activated site (GAS) DNA element [ 4].
If DA release in a subset of DA neurons promotes ethanol-induced hyperactivity, then directly activating these neurons may also increase locomotor activity.
Among the most important kinases directly activating eNOS by phosphorylation are Akt and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) [15].
It was reported that calpain II can cleave procaspase 12 to generate active caspase 12, which is capable of directly activating caspase 3 that leads to apoptosis [ 21].
Cdc42 thus promotes lamellipodium protrusion and migration by at least two separate mechanisms: (i) by indirect signaling to Rac activation [ 26, 27], and (ii) by directly activating FMNL formins modulating actin polymerization rate at the lamellipodium tip.
In response to a death stimulus, the "sensitizer" BH3-only proteins bind to the anti-apoptotic proteins, releasing the "activators" and allowing them to induce apoptosis by directly activating BAX and BAK.
PKC can play an important role in AD as its activation promotes the non-amyloidogenic cleavage of AβPP by directly activating the α-secretase pathway or through an upstream involvement of the MAP kinases ERK1/2 [87].
Oxidation in the presence of directly activating anesthetic concentrations significantly increased the channels' spontaneous open probability.
The cream contains a plant-derived chemical called forskolin, which bypasses the receptor, directly activating a series of reactions normally stimulated by MC1R.
Kim et al. demonstrated that HIF1 suppresses glucose metabolism through the TCA cycle (i.e., glucose anaplerosis) by directly activating pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK-1), a negative regulator of cycle enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) (Kim et al., 2006).
