On the other hand, the potential super-directive properties of dense arrays are long since known, and super-directivity is defined mathematically as the solution to an optimization problem, namely, the search of the weighing window maximizing the array directivity for a fixed array response in the steering direction [12, Sect. 9.2.1 and overview notes in Sect. 9.1].
The design criteria for jointly obtaining adequate super-directive properties and robustness against array imperfections are discussed in Section 4. A further aspect to be considered when dealing with FE super-directive arrays is the sensitivity of the array response to a mismatch of the frequency of signals actually handled by the arrays with respect to the nominal array (center) frequency.
Given the effective length L, choose the number M of elements such that ∆ < 1/2, keeping in mind that the larger M is, i.e., the more demanding is the array implementation, the easier is to achieve super-directive properties from the array, as well as robustness to self noise and implementation errors; 2.
Now, while for a uniform-weighing beamformer the parameter G n is indeed greater than unity (and equal to M for the specific case of uniform-weighing vector), thus representing a true gain, instead for a super-directive array G n may occur to be less than one, and even far smaller than one as the array super-directive properties get more and more pronounced.
As of 2007, the only other criminal law proposals which have been brought forward are on the intellectual property rights directive, and on an amendment to the 2002 counter-terrorism framework decision, outlawing terrorism‑related incitement, recruitment (especially via the internet) and training.
It also wants EU data retention and intellectual property rights directives to be repealed.
The name is modeled after a new Swedish law called the Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement Directive, or IPRED.
The European Commission has referred to this effect in most of its directives on harmonization of intellectual property laws.
Unfinished tasks include the creation of unionwide laws on patent protection and intellectual property rights, and a directive on unionwide recognition of professional qualifications.
The enforcement of copyright laws and issues of jurisdiction in Europe are both examined in Part IV, with particular emphasis on the recently passed European Union Directive concerning the enforcement of intellectual property rights.
