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While copious amounts of smoke are known to emanate from burning cow dung, and indoor burning of dung has been reported to produce higher PM10 concentrations than that of wood or straw [ 16], the opposite directions of relationship in our study of rice straw and cow dung might be related to the different complement of smoke constituents.
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It is also important to note the directions of relationships reported.
Since the study design was cross-sectional, the directions of relationships cannot be determined, precluding conclusions regarding causality.
Therefore, teasing apart the temporal and causal directions of relationships between these adult stressors and alcohol use is a difficult task in general-population epidemiologic samples.
This is a cross-sectional study where conclusions about directions of relationships cannot be ascertained, and where data on premorbid adjustment is necessarily gathered retrospectively.
All the measurements were done in "valued" and "directed" mode, meaning that frequency and direction of relationship among actors are detected and become sensitive to each SNA measurement.
Both the magnitude and direction of relationship for almost all traits were similar among genotypes in the inbred and hybrid trials.
As noted by [31], the sign of the CI gives an idea of the direction of relationship between child malnutrition variable and position in the wealth score distribution.
The following four symbols were used to denote direction of relationship between the barriers (i and j): V: barrier i influences barrier j.
Four symbols are used to denote the direction of relationship between the criterion (i and j): V - barrier i will help to achieve barrier j.
In calculating the direction of relationship in vulnerability indicators (that is, their sign), a negative value was assigned to both exposure and sensitivity.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com