The English physicist and chemist William Crookes investigated cathode rays in 1879 and found that they were bent by a magnetic field; the direction of deflection suggested that they were negatively charged particles.
The direction of deflection is described by a pair of right-hand rules commonly used in science and engineering.
Due to their three-dimensional nature, damages have different effects on each vibration mode of a frame structure, depending on the direction of deflection of its structural elements.
A similar pinwheel map has recently been measured in rat primary somatosensory cortex (S1) for the direction of deflection of the rat's whiskers [8], [9].
We also found a significant correlation of two physical properties (inclination, direction of deflection angle) of neighboured dinucleotides at positions –31/ 32 –33/ 34 (Additional file 7: Figure S4).
It has been shown that neurons in the barrel cortex selectively respond to certain angular directions of whisker deflection (Bruno et al., 2003; Andermann and Moore, 2006; Lavzin et al., 2012), which tend to be arranged in maps (Hubel and Wiesel, 1977; Andermann and Moore, 2006; Lottem and Azouz, 2009; Kremer et al., 2011).
In turn, a variation of the motion of the spacecraft produces a change in the modulus and direction of the deflection action which modifies the rotational and orbital motion of the asteroid.
If the direction in which the whiskers are deflected is consistent with the orientation of the stimulus, then neurons in these regions of the supra-barrels will learn to become associated with the L4 neurons that encode the somatotopically consistent direction of whisker deflection.
Recent work by several groups has examined the organization of directional tuning in barrel cortex (BC) and its afferents [8] [12] and elucidated mechanisms of directional preference in cortical neurons, showing how synaptic responses vary systematically as a function of the direction of whisker deflection [13] [15].
The principal whisker (PW) was identified by the shortest latency MUA responses in layer 4. Single whiskers were stimulated by piezo actuators (2 10 msec pulse duration, backward direction of whisker deflection, from 2 to 10 sec interstimulus intervals depending on the animal's age to avoid depression).
